What Makes Working in Japan Attractive? Latest Job Opportunities and Background
In recent years, Japan’s labor market has faced the challenge of a shrinking workforce due to a declining birthrate and aging population, leading to serious labor shortages in many industries. To address this situation and maintain the vitality of its economy and society, the Japanese government is actively promoting the acceptance of human resources from overseas.
Particularly, personnel from Southeast Asian and South Asian countries (SEA/SA countries), with which Japan has deep geographical and economic ties, are playing an increasingly important role in the Japanese labor market. Statistical data shows an upward trend in the number of individuals from these regions, and they are central figures in specific residency status systems, such as the “Specified Skilled Worker” and “Technical Intern Training” (scheduled to transition to “Training and Employment” in the future), which will be discussed later. The Japanese government is proceeding with establishing frameworks for the smooth and appropriate acceptance and protection of these human resources, including concluding Memorandums of Cooperation (MOCs) with these countries.
This background indicates changes in Japan’s economic and social structure, while also signifying expanding diverse employment opportunities for foreigners wishing to work in Japan, especially those from SEA/SA countries. However, to make the most of these opportunities, it is essential to obtain accurate information about Japan’s complex residency status system, labor market trends, and living environment.
This article comprehensively explains the concrete path to working in Japan, primarily targeting individuals, especially those from SEA/SA countries, who wish to work here. It provides essential practical information for living and working in Japan, covering the types of major residency statuses, their detailed requirements, the application process, effective job searching methods, Japanese labor regulations, social insurance and tax systems, and目安 for living expenses. This article aims to serve as a reliable guidepost for achieving your career goals in Japan.
The First Step to Working in Japan: Understanding the Work Visa System
As a general rule, foreign nationals must obtain a “Status of Residence” (commonly referred to as a visa) appropriate for their intended activities to work in Japan. Each status of residence has strictly defined permissible activities, and engaging in activities beyond that scope, especially employment, is generally not allowed.
Work-related statuses of residence are diverse but can be broadly categorized as follows:
1. Visas for Professionals (Engineer/Specialist in Humanities/International Services, etc.)
These primarily require a university degree or higher education, or specialized practical experience.
2. Visas for Specific Fields/Skills (Specified Skilled Worker, Technical Intern Training, etc.)
These are for employment in specific industrial fields facing severe labor shortages domestically or for jobs requiring proficient skills. Skills tests and Japanese language proficiency tests are often required.
3. Visas with No Work Restrictions (Permanent Resident, Spouse or Child of Japanese National, etc.)
Individuals holding these statuses generally have no restrictions on their work activities.
This article focuses mainly on the first two categories, namely statuses of residence obtained for the purpose of working in Japan.
On the other hand, statuses like “Temporary Visitor” (for tourism, etc.) or “Student” generally do not permit employment. However, students can work part-time up to 28 hours per week if they obtain “Permission to Engage in Activity Other Than That Permitted under the Status of Residence Previously Granted.”
Understanding the overview of major work-related statuses of residence, particularly those highly relevant to individuals from SEA/SA countries, is the first step towards finding a suitable career path.
Detailed Explanation of Major Work Visas: Which One Suits You?
Here, we delve into the details of major work-related statuses of residence particularly relevant to individuals from SEA/SA countries.
Engineer/Specialist in Humanities/International Services (Gijinkoku) Visa
This is a representative work visa for individuals engaged in specialized work utilizing expertise acquired at university or through previous work experience.
Eligible Persons/Job Descriptions
Mainly targets university graduates, graduates of Japanese vocational schools, or those with many years of relevant practical experience. Applicable professions include engineers, IT technicians, marketers, accountants, translators/interpreters, language instructors, designers, and overseas business liaisons. Simple factory labor is not covered.
Required Conditions (Education, Work History, Remuneration, etc.)
Requirements include relevant education (university degree, etc.) or practical experience (10+ years for Engineer/Humanities, 3+ years for International Services), a stable employment contract with a Japanese company, a clear connection between education/work history and the job description, and remuneration equal to or higher than that of Japanese nationals in comparable positions.
Application Flow
From overseas: Apply for and obtain a Certificate of Eligibility (COE), then apply for the visa in your home country. From within Japan: Apply for a Change of Status of Residence. Processing times vary but are目安, as mentioned later.
Key Points/Cautions
Proving the “relevance” between education/work history and the job description is paramount. Separate permission (“Permission to Engage in Activity…”) is needed for side jobs outside the scope of permission. Changing jobs is possible, but the new job must still meet the requirements, and notification regarding the employing organization (“Notification Concerning the Accepting Organization”) is necessary.
Specified Skilled Worker (SSW) Visa (i & ii)
A status of residence established in 2019 for working in specific industrial fields facing severe labor shortages in Japan.
Eligible Jobs (16 Fields)
Currently covers 16 fields, including: Nursing care; Building cleaning management; Machine parts & tooling/Industrial machinery/Electric, electronics & information industries; Construction; Shipbuilding and ship machinery; Automobile repair and maintenance; Aviation; Accommodation; Agriculture; Fishery & aquaculture; Manufacture of food and beverages; Food service industry; Motor truck transportation; Railroad; Forestry; Timber industry (as of September 2024).
Required Skills/Japanese Level (SSW (i))
Passing both the skills test designated for each field and a Japanese language proficiency test (JLPT N4 equivalent or JFT-Basic) is required (additional test for nursing care; exemptions may apply for those who successfully completed Technical Intern Training (ii)).
Required Skills/Japanese Level (SSW (ii))
Requires higher skills (proficient skills) than SSW (i), confirmed by tests, etc. Practical experience such as site leadership may be considered. Regarding Japanese language ability, while tests are generally not required, specifics may vary by field, so checking the latest operational guidelines for each field is essential.
Main Differences Between (i) and (ii) (Period of Stay, Family Accompaniment, etc.)
SSW (i): Total period of stay up to 5 years, family accompaniment not allowed. SSW (ii): No upper limit on period of stay renewals, family accompaniment (spouse, children) possible if requirements are met. SSW (ii) is currently available in 11 fields and opens a path to applying for permanent residency.
Application Flow and Memorandums of Cooperation (MOCs)
The main routes are applying for a COE from overseas or changing status within Japan. MOCs exist with many SEA/SA countries, and adherence to the sending country’s procedures (e.g., Recommendation Letter from Vietnam, Overseas Employment Certificate (OEC) from the Philippines) may be mandatory in addition to Japanese procedures.
Latest Trends: Increasing Numbers of SSWs
The number of SSWs is rapidly increasing (e.g., approx. 245,000 as of the end of May 2024). This figure constantly changes, so please check announcements from the Immigration Services Agency for the latest information. Many come from Vietnam, Indonesia, and the Philippines, working actively in fields like food and beverage manufacturing, industrial product manufacturing, and nursing care.
Technical Intern Training Program and the New “Training and Employment” System
The Technical Intern Training Program, a major pillar of Japan’s acceptance of foreign human resources, is currently undergoing significant transformation.
What is the Technical Intern Training Program? (Current)
Officially aimed at international contribution through skills transfer to developing countries, but in reality, it also serves to secure labor in fields facing shortages. Allows stays up to 5 years, but issues like the general prohibition on changing employers have been pointed out.
Transition to “Training and Employment”: What Changes?
The Technical Intern Training Program will be abolished and replaced by the new “Training and Employment” (Ikusei Shuro) system (Revised law promulgated in June 2024, scheduled for enforcement within 3 years, by 2027). It clearly aims for “human resource development” and “securing human resources,” targeting the development of personnel to the SSW (i) level within approximately 3 years. A major change is that transfers (changing employers) will be possible under certain conditions (e.g., 1-2 years of work at the same institution, skills/Japanese ability, suitability of the new employer).
Impact of the New System
The Training and Employment system may offer more systematic training, a fairer working environment, and a clearer career path to Specified Skilled Worker status. For workers, it holds the promise of broader career choices.
Highly Skilled Professional (HSP) Visa (i & ii)
A preferential system for highly talented foreign individuals contributing to Japan’s academic research and economic development.
What is the Points System? Explanation
Points are awarded based on factors like academic background, professional history, annual salary, age, research achievements, qualifications, and Japanese language ability. A total of 70 points or more qualifies for HSP (i). There are three categories (a, b, c) based on activity type.
Major Benefits: Shortcut to Permanent Residency, etc.
The biggest advantage is significant easing of permanent residency requirements (stay reduced from 10 years to 3 years for 70+ points, 1 year for 80+ points). Other benefits include permission for multiple activities, a 5-year period of stay (HSP (i)) or indefinite (HSP (ii)), relaxed requirements for spouse’s employment, permission for parents or domestic workers under certain conditions (e.g., household income thresholds, childcare needs), and priority processing of immigration procedures.
Difference Between (i) and (ii)
After engaging in activities as HSP (i) for 3 years or more, one can transition to HSP (ii). HSP (ii) offers an indefinite period of stay and significantly relaxed activity restrictions.
Application Flow and Cautions
In addition to standard application documents, a points calculation sheet and supporting documents are required. Meeting the points threshold is challenging, but high Japanese proficiency (e.g., 15 points for N1) is advantageous.
Other Work-Related Visas (Intra-company Transferee, Business Manager, Skilled Labor)
- Intra-company Transferee: For employees transferring from an overseas headquarters, etc., to a related company in Japan.
- Business Manager: For individuals starting/managing businesses or holding managerial positions in Japan.
- Skilled Labor: For individuals with specific proficient skills, such as chefs specializing in foreign cuisine or sports instructors.
How to Proceed with Visa Application: Step-by-Step Guide
Explaining the process to obtain a visa (Status of Residence) for working in Japan.
Applying from Overseas: From Obtaining a COE (Certificate of Eligibility)
The standard process when coming to Japan for work from overseas.
Step 1: Apply for and Obtain COE (in Japan)
First, the accepting company in Japan, etc., applies for a Certificate of Eligibility (COE) at the regional Immigration Services Bureau on behalf of the applicant. Once the COE is issued after examination, the original is sent to the applicant.
Step 2: Apply for and Obtain Visa (in home country)
The applicant takes the original COE and other documents to the Japanese embassy or consulate in their home country to apply for a visa. After issuance, the applicant must travel to Japan within 3 months of the COE issue date and will receive a Residence Card upon entry.
Applying from Within Japan: Procedure for Changing Status of Residence
This is the procedure for individuals already residing in Japan under a status like “Student” who change to a work visa upon finding employment, etc. An application for “Change of Status of Residence” must be filed with the regional Immigration Services Bureau with the necessary documents before the current status expires.
Visa Application Cautions and Key Points
- Duration: While general estimates are 1-3 months for COE applications and 2 weeks to 2 months for change of status applications, these are merely estimates. Processing times vary significantly depending on the application details, time of year (delays tend to occur during busy periods like Feb-May), type of status (e.g., Business Manager or SSW tend to take longer), and individual circumstances. It is crucial to apply with ample time.
- Documents: Accuracy and completeness are vital. Deficiencies lead to delays or denial. Japanese translations are required for foreign language documents.
- Experts: Consulting lawyers or administrative scriveners (Gyoseishoshi) can be effective for complex cases or to increase the certainty of approval.
How to Find a Job in Japan: Effective Methods and Resources
Finding a job that suits you is crucial for working in Japan.
Utilizing Job Sites and Recruitment Agencies
Make good use of online services.
General Job Sites
While searchable on major sites (e.g., Indeed), specialized sites may be more efficient.
Specialized Sites for Foreigners Seeking Work in Japan
Sites like NINJA, Daijob.com, GaijinPot Jobs, WORK JAPAN, YOLO JAPAN, etc., specializing in foreign recruitment, are convenient as they often allow searches based on visa status and language level.
Using Recruitment Agencies (Agents)
Benefits include access to unlisted jobs, support with the selection process, and visa assistance. Numerous agencies specialize in foreign recruitment (e.g., Mynavi Global, GOWELL). Services are generally free for job seekers.
Utilizing Public Support: Using Hello Work, etc.
Japan’s public employment support services are also available.
How to Use Hello Work
Job consultation and referrals are available at Hello Work offices nationwide. Some have “Employment Service Corners for Foreigners” with interpreters.
What are Employment Service Centers for Foreigners?
Located in major cities (Tokyo, Nagoya, Osaka, Fukuoka), they offer more comprehensive employment support (consultation, guidance, job fairs, etc.) for professionals and students.
Job Support for International Students
Employment Service Centers for Foreigners and university career centers offer internship referrals and job guidance.
Combining multiple information sources and using them according to your situation is effective.
Knowing Japan Today: Latest Labor Market Trends and Data
Keep abreast of the changing situation in Japan.
Japan’s Current Situation: Data on Foreign Workers
The numbers of both resident foreigners and foreign workers are increasing and continue to set record highs (e.g., approx. 3.77 million resident foreigners at the end of 2024, approx. 2.30 million foreign workers as of the end of October 2024). These figures constantly change, so be sure to check announcements from the Immigration Services Agency and the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare for the latest information. By nationality, Vietnam, China, and the Philippines are prominent, with workers from SEA/SA countries like Vietnam, Indonesia, and the Philippines rapidly increasing, especially in the SSW and Technical Intern Training (Training and Employment) categories.
National Policy Trends to Know
- Specified Skilled Worker: Expansion of eligible fields (to 16) and SSW (ii) fields (to 11) has broadened paths to long-term employment.
- Training and Employment: The new system replacing Technical Intern Training. Aims for human resource development and securing personnel, expected to facilitate transition to SSW status and allow job transfers.
- Highly Skilled Professionals: Japan remains active in attracting individuals with advanced expertise through systems like the HSP visa.
- Appropriate Employment: Compliance is being strengthened through measures against illegal work, employer verification duties, and attention to human rights in supply chains.
Where are the Opportunities? Industries Facing Labor Shortages
Labor shortages are severe in sectors like information services/IT, construction, transport/warehousing, medical/welfare (especially nursing care), accommodation/food services, manufacturing, and wholesale/retail. These fields overlap with those covered by SSW and Training and Employment, suggesting numerous job opportunities.
For a Safe and Secure Life in Japan: Rules and Information to Know
Basic rules and information you should know when working and living in Japan.
Your Rights: Understanding Japanese Labor Law
Japanese labor laws (like the Labor Standards Act) apply to everyone working in Japan, regardless of nationality. Discrimination based on nationality is prohibited.
Basics of the Labor Standards Act (Working Hours, Wages, Holidays, etc.)
- Working Hours: Generally 8 hours/day, 40 hours/week. Overtime requires a labor-management agreement and premium pay.
- Breaks: Entitled to legally stipulated break times.
- Holidays: At least one day off per week.
- Wages: Must be at or above the minimum wage, paid in full in currency at least once a month. Principle of equal pay for equal work applies.
- Paid Leave: Entitled to annual paid leave based on length of service.
- Dismissal: Cannot be dismissed without reasonable grounds. Rules for dismissal notice, etc., apply.
These are basic rules; thoroughly check the contents of your employment contract.
Your Obligations: Social Insurance, Pension, and Tax Systems
Working in Japan entails obligations to enroll in social insurance and pay taxes.
Social Insurance (Health Insurance/Employees’ Pension Insurance)
Enrollment is mandatory if certain conditions are met (working hours, employment duration, etc.). It reduces the burden of medical expenses for illness/injury and provides future pension benefits. Dependents can also be enrolled. Those aged 40+ also pay long-term care insurance premiums. Upon leaving Japan, you may be eligible for a “Lump-sum Withdrawal Payment.” This applies if you meet conditions such as having been enrolled in the National Pension or Employees’ Pension for 6 months or more and not meeting the pension eligibility period (generally 10 years). The claim must be made within 2 years after leaving Japan.
Important Points about Lump-sum Withdrawal Payment
- The calculation period for the payment is capped at a maximum of 5 years (60 months).
- Receiving the payment means that contribution period is no longer counted towards future pension eligibility.
Employment Insurance
Provides benefits in case of unemployment, etc. Certain enrollment requirements apply.
Workers’ Accident Compensation Insurance (Rousai Hoken)
Insurance covering injuries/illnesses sustained during work or commuting. Generally applies to all employees.
Taxes (Income Tax/Resident Tax)
- Income Tax: National tax levied on annual income. Usually withheld from salary (Gensen Choshu) and settled through year-end adjustment, etc.
- Resident Tax: Local tax (prefectural and municipal) levied based on income from the previous year (Jan-Dec) on individuals residing in Japan as of January 1st of the current year. The combined rate is generally around 10%. Even if you leave Japan mid-year, if you were a resident on Jan 1st, you may still have an obligation to pay resident tax for the previous year’s income. Procedures like appointing a tax agent before departure are necessary. Non-payment can potentially affect future visa applications.
Treatment may differ depending on residency status and tax treaties with your home country.
Life in Japan: Guideline for Living Costs
Rent varies greatly by region (higher in cities, lower in rural areas). For expenses other than rent, such as food, utilities, and communication, a range of ¥50,000 to ¥100,000 per month is cited as one example. However, please treat this as reference information, as the actual amount varies significantly depending on the region and individual lifestyle.
Support Systems for When You Need Help
There are places to consult when facing difficulties in Japan.
Consultation Services (Government, NPOs, etc.)
The Immigration Services Agency’s “Foreign Residents Information Center” and “Foreign Residents Support Center (FRESC),” local government consultation desks, and support NPOs offer multilingual consultations.
Japanese Language Learning Tips and Resources
Learning resources are abundant, including online materials (like the Agency for Cultural Affairs’ “Connect and Enhance Your Life in Japanese”) and local Japanese classes. Japanese ability is extremely important.
Legal Consultation Services
The Japan Legal Support Center (Houterasu), bar associations, and local government legal consultations can be utilized.
Conclusion: Advice for Career Success in Japan
Finally, here are key points for succeeding in your work life in Japan.
Which Work Path Suits You? (Recheck)
- University/Vocational School Graduates, Professional Experience: “Engineer/Specialist in Humanities/International Services” or “Highly Skilled Professional.”
- Skills/Experience in Specific Fields: “Specified Skilled Worker” or “Skilled Labor.”
- Want to Learn Skills and Advance in Japan: Future “Training and Employment” system.
Advice for Nationals from SEA/SA Countries
Choose the optimal visa according to your education, work history, skills, and goals. Be particularly mindful of MOC procedures required by your home country, especially for SSW and Training and Employment (formerly Technical Intern Training).
For University/Vocational School Graduates, etc.
“Engineer/Specialist in Humanities/International Services” is fundamental. Emphasize the relevance between your expertise and the job. Consider “Highly Skilled Professional” if conditions are met.
For Those with Specific Skills/Experience
“Specified Skilled Worker” is a strong possibility. Choose from the eligible fields and prepare for skills/Japanese tests. Nationals from MOC countries should not forget their home country’s procedures.
For Those Wanting to Learn/Advance Skills in Japan
Pay attention to the upcoming “Training and Employment” system. It’s a career path aiming for SSW (i) level in about 3 years, allowing subsequent transition to SSW status.
Common Tips for Success
- Japanese Language Ability: Most crucial. Engage in continuous learning.
- Information Gathering: Obtain accurate, up-to-date information from reliable sources (official websites, etc.).
- Planning: Allow ample time for visa applications, travel preparations, and financial planning.
- Rights and Obligations: Protect your rights and fulfill your obligations (tax payment, social insurance enrollment, etc.).
Japan seeks motivated individuals in many industries. With proper preparation and action, please realize your career in Japan. We hope this article serves as a helpful resource.